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1. Basic Phrases / Frasi semplici

Buona sera bwoh-nah seh-rah Good evening	Buona notte bwoh-nah noht-teh Good night
Ciao chow Hi / Hello / Bye (informal)	Arrivederci ah-ree-vuh-dehr-chee Goodbye	ArrivederLa ah-ree-vuh-dehr-lah Goodbye (formal)
A più tardi ah pyoo tar-dee See you later	A presto / A dopo ah press-toh / ah doh-poh See you soon	A domani ah doh-mahn-ee See you tomorrow
Per favore / Per piacere pehr fah-voh-reh / pehr pee-ah-cheh-reh Please	Grazie (mille) graht-zee-eh (mee-leh) Thank you (very much)	Prego preh-goh You're Welcome
Mi dispiace mee dee-spyah-cheh Sorry	Scusi / Scusa skoo-zee / skoo-zah Excuse me (formal / informal)	Andiamo! on-dee-ah-mo Let's go!
Come sta? / Come stai? koh-meh stah / koh-meh sty How are you? (formal / informal)	Sto bene. stoh beh-neh I am fine / well.	Non c'è male. nohn cheh mah-leh Not bad.
Abbastanza bene. ah-bah-stahn-tsah beh-neh Pretty good.	Così così. koh-zee koh-zee So so.	Sì / No see / noh Yes / No
Come si chiama? koh-meh see kee-ah-mah What's your name? (formal)	Come ti chiami? koh-meh tee kee-ah-mee What's your name? (informal)	Mi chiamo... mee kee-ah-mo My name is...
Piacere / Molto lieto. pee-ah-cheh-reh / mohl-toh lee-eh-toh Pleased / Nice to meet you.	Signore, Signora, Signorina seen-yoh-reh, seen-yoh-rah, seen-yoh-reen-ah Mister, Misses, Miss
Di dov'è? dee doh-veh Where are you from? (formal)	Di dove sei? dee doh-veh seh-ee Where are you from? (informal)	Sono di... soh-noh dee I am from...
Quanti anni ha? kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah How old are you? (formal)	Quanti anni hai? kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah-ee How old are you? (informal)	Ho venti anni. oh vehn-tee ahn-nee I am 20 years old.
Parla italiano? par-lah ee-tahl-ee-ah-no Do you speak Italian? (formal)	Parli inglese? par-lee een-gleh-zeh Do you speak English? (informal)	Parlo italiano. / Non parlo inglese. par-lo ee-tahl-ee-ah-no / non par-lo een-gleh-zeh I speak Italian. / I don't speak English.
Capisce? / Capisci? kah-pee-sheh / kah-pee-shee Do you understand? (formal / informal)	[Non] capisco. [non] kah-pees-koh I [don't] understand.	Non so. / Lo so. non soh / low soh I don't know. / I know.
Può aiutarmi? / Puoi aiutarmi? pwoh ah-yoo-tar-mee / pwoh-ee ah-yoo-tar-mee Can you help me? (formal / informal)	Certamente / D'accordo. cher-tah-mehn-teh / dah-kohr-doh Sure / OK.	Come? koh-meh? What? / Pardon me?
Desidera? / Desideri? deh-zee-deh-rah / deh-zee-deh-ree May I help you? (formal / informal)	Come si dice "house" in italiano? koh-meh see dee-cheh "house" een ee-tah-lee-ah-noh How do you say "house" in Italian?
Dov'è / Dove sono...? doh-veh / doh-veh soh-noh Where is / Where are... ?	Ecco / Eccoli... eh-koh / eh-koh-lee Here is / Here are...	C'è / Ci sono... cheh / chee soh-noh There is / There are...
Cosa c'è? koh-zah cheh What's the matter? / What's wrong?	Non importa. / Di niente. / Di nulla. nohn eem-por-tah / dee nee-ehn-teh / dee noo-lah It doesn't matter.	Non m'importa. nohn meem-por-tah I don't care.
Non ti preoccupare. nohn tee preh-ohk-koo-pah-reh Don't worry. (informal)	Ho dimenticato. oh dee-men-tee-kah-toh I forgot.	Devo andare adesso. deh-voh ahn-dah-reh ah-des-soh I have to go now.
Ho fame. / Ho sete. oh fah-meh / oh seh-teh I'm hungry. / I'm thirsty.	Ho freddo. / Ho caldo. oh freh-doh / oh kal-doh I'm cold. / I'm hot.	Mi annoio. mee ahn-noh-ee-oh I'm bored.
Salute! sah-loo-teh Bless you!	Congratulazioni! kohn-grah-tsoo-lah-tsee-oh-nee Congratulations!	Benvenuti! behn-veh-noo-tee Welcome!
Buona fortuna! bwoh-nah for-too-nah Good luck!	Tocca a me! / Tocca a te! tohk-kah ah meh / tohk-kah ah teh It's my turn! / It's your turn! (informal)	Ti amo. tee ah-moh I love you. (informal)
È pazzo! / Sei pazzo! eh pats-soh / seh-ee pats-soh You're crazy! (formal / informal)	Sta zitto! / Stai zitto! stah tseet-toh / sty tseet-toh Be quiet / Shut up! (formal / informal)	Va bene! vah beh-neh OK!

Notice that Italian has informal and formal ways of saying things. This
is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Italian
(as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking
to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used
when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for
whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) There
is also a plural you, used when speaking to more than one person.

Also, the words pazzo and zitto refer to men. If you are talking to a
woman, use pazza and zitta. If you are talking to more than one person
(all men, or a group of men and women), use pazzi and zitti. If you are
talking to more than one person (all women), use pazze and zitte.

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2. Pronunciation / la pronuncia

Italian is a very phonetic language, so pronunciation should
be easy.  Most words are pronounced exactly like they are spelled.
There are only seven pure vowels, but several diphthongs and triphthongs.
The English samples given are not pronounced exactly as in Italian because English vowels tend to be diphthongized (there's an extra yuh or wuh after the actual vowel). Make sure to only say the pure vowel and not the diphthong when pronouncing Italian.

Italian Vowels		English Pronunciation
[i]	vita	ee as in meet
[e]	vedi	ay as in bait
[ɛ]	era	eh as in bet
[a]	cane	ah as in father
[u]	uva	oo as in boot
[o]	sole	oh as in boat
[ɔ]	modo	aw as in law
Semi-Vowels
[w]	quando, uomo	wuh as in won
[j]	piano, ieri, piove	yuh as in yes

In spelling, the letter e is used to represent both [e]
and [ɛ];
while the letter o is used to represent both [o] and [ɔ].
If the vowel is stressed, then the pronunciation is always closed [e]
and [o]. If the vowel is not stressed, it is always open [ɛ]
and [ɔ].
This can change according to regional dialects in Italy, of course, but
this is the standard rule. Italian semi-vowels are always written ua,
ue, uo, ui for [w] and ia, ie, io, iu for [j].
If another vowel precedes u or i, then it is a diphthong: ai,
ei, oi, au, eu. The combination iu + another vowel creates a
triphthong.

Italian consonant + vowel combinations

c + a, o, u, he, hi	k	amica, amico, amiche	ah-mee-kah, ah-mee-koh, ah-mee-keh
c + ia, io, iu, e, i	ch	bacio, celebre, cinema	bah-cho, cheh-leh-breh, chee-neh-mah
g + a, o, u, he, hi	g	gara, gusto, spaghetti	gah-rah, goo-stoh, spah-geh-tee
g + ia, io, iu, e, i	dj	Giotto, gelato, magico	djoh-toh, djeh-lah-toh, mah-djee-koh
sc + a, o, u, he, hi	sk	scala, scuola, scheda	skah-lah, skoo-oh-la, skeh-dah
sc + ia, io, iu, e, i	sh	sciarpa, sciupato, scemo	shar-pah, shoo-pah-toh, sheh-moh

The consonant h is always silent. Double
consonants must be pronounced individually: il nonno
(eel nohn-noh) is pronounced differently from il nono
(eel noh-noh).

Stress falls on the second-to-last syllable
in Italian. If stress falls on the last syllable, the vowel is written
with an accent mark (la città). However, it is also possible for
the stress to fall on the third-to-last syllable (America, telefono)
and even the fourth-to-last syllable (telefonano) in third person
plural verb conjugations.

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3.  Alphabet / l'alfabeto

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4.  Articles & Demonstratives / Articoli e dimostrativi

All nouns in Italian have a gender (masculine or feminine) and the articles
must agree with the gender. Masculine words generally end in -o and feminine
words generally end in -a. Words that end in -e may be either, so you
will just have to memorize the gender. Keep in mind that articles are
used before nouns or before an adjective + a noun.

If you use that and those
as a subject, use these four forms: quello for masculine singular,
quella for feminine singular, quelli for masculine plural,
and quelle for feminine plural.

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5.  Subject Pronouns / pronomi personali

The Lei form is generally
used for you (singular), instead of tu, unless you're referring to kids
or animals.  Loro can also mean you, but only in very polite situations.
If you need to specify an inanimate object as "it" you can use esso
(masculine noun) and essa (feminine noun), but since
subject pronouns are not commonly used in Italian, these words are somewhat
rare.

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6. To Be & to Have / Essere & avere

Essere - to be
I am	sono	soh-noh	we are	siamo	see-ah-moh
you are	sei	say	you are	siete	see-eh-teh
he/she/it is	è	eh	they are	sono	soh-noh

You do not have to use the subject
pronouns as the different conjugations imply the subject, but they are included in the recordings.

Avere is used with many idioms and expressions that normally use the
verb "to be" in English:



avere fame - to be hungry

avere sete - to be thirsty

avere caldo - to be warm

avere freddo - to be cold

avere fretta - to be in a hurry

avere paura (di) - to be afraid (of)

avere ragione - to be right

avere torto - to be wrong

avere sonno - to be sleepy

avere bisogno di - to need

avere voglia di - to want, to feel like

avere 20 anni - to be 20 years old

When avere is followed by a word beginning with a consonant, the final -e is often dropped: aver caldo, aver fretta, aver ragione, etc.

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7. Useful Words / parole utile

C'è can also mean is here, as in Nek's famous song: Laura non c'è - Laura's not here.

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8. Question Words

 When dove, come, and quale
are followed by è (is), dove and come contract
to dov'è and com'è; and quale drops
its e to become qual è.

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9. cardinal & ordinal Numbers

If a number ends in -tre, you need
to add an accent: -trè. When
you have a word that ends in a vowel, like venti, and another
word that begins with a vowel, like
uno; the first word loses its vowel when putting the two words
together.  Venti (20) and uno (1) make ventuno
(21).  One exception is cento; it does not lose its vowel.
 Cento (100) and uno (1) make centouno (101).
 Notice that cento does not have a plural form,
but mille does (mila). And
be aware that Italian switches the use of commas and decimals.

Ordinal Numbers

From eleventh on, just drop the final vowel of the cardinal number and
add -esimo.  For numbers like ventitrè, trentatrè,
add -esimo but do not drop the final e.  Ordinal numbers are
adjectives and must agree with the nouns they modify; -o is the masculine
ending, -a is the feminine ending.

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10. Days of the Week / Giorni della settimana

To say on Mondays, on Tuesdays, etc.,
use il before lunedì through sabato, and la
before domenica.

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11. Months of the Year / mesi dell'anno

Days and months are not capitalized.
 To express the date, use È il (number) (month).  May
5th would be È il 5 (or cinque) maggio.  But
for the first of the month, use primo instead of 1 or uno. To express ago, as in two days ago, a month ago,
etc., just add fa afterwards. To express last, as in last
Wednesday, last week, etc., just add scorso (for masculine
words) or scorsa (for feminine words) afterwards.

una settimana fa - a week ago

la settimana scorsa - last week

un mese fa - a month ago

l'anno scorso - last year

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12. Seasons / Stagioni

To say in the (season), just
use in.  In estate is in the summer, in primavera
is in spring.  D'estate and d'inverno can also be used instead of
in estate or in inverno.

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13. Directions / direzioni

right	destra
left	sinistra
straight	diritto

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14. Colors & Shapes / Colori e forme

Colors are adjectives and must agree
with the nouns they modify; -o is the masculine ending, -a is the feminine
ending. For example, rosso is masculine and rossa is feminine.
 Color words always go after the noun they describe:

una casa gialla - a yellow house

il cubo rosso - the red cube

 

To ask the color of something:

Di che colore è il cielo? What color is the sky?

Di che colore sono i tuoi occhi? What color are your eyes?

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15. Time / Il Tempo

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